What Is Keratoconus?

Keratoconus is an eye condition in which the cornea, which is normally dome-shaped, begins to thin and bulge outward into a cone shape. This distortion can lead to significant vision problems, as the cornea is responsible for focusing light into the eye.

What Causes It?

The exact cause of keratoconus is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to its development:

Genetics: Family history can play a significant role. If a family member has keratoconus, there’s a higher chance you might develop it as well.
Age: The condition typically starts in adolescence but can begin in childhood or later in life.
Associated Disorders: Keratoconus is linked to conditions like Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and retinitis pigmentosa.
Inflammation: Chronic eye inflammation from allergies, asthma, or atopic eye disease can weaken corneal tissue.
Eye Rubbing: Vigorous eye rubbing can exacerbate the condition.
Race: Studies suggest that individuals who are Black or Latino are at a higher risk compared to those who are white.

Can It Damage Vision?

Keratoconus can severely impair vision. The misshapen cornea prevents light from being focused correctly onto the retina, leading to blurred vision. In severe cases, a corneal transplant may be necessary. Importantly, LASIK surgery is not recommended for those with keratoconus, as it can further weaken the cornea.

What Are the Symptoms?

The symptoms of keratoconus can include:

Double vision in one eye
Blurred vision for objects both near and far
Halos around bright lights
Light streaks
Multiple ghost images

These symptoms often prompt a visit to an eye doctor who may detect keratoconus during a routine eye exam.

How Is It Diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically involves corneal topography, a process where the shape of the cornea is mapped. This helps detect the characteristic cone-like bulge. For children of parents with keratoconus, it is advised to start annual corneal topography screenings at the age of 10.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment depends on the severity of the condition:

Glasses or Contact Lenses: In the early stages, corrective lenses can help. Rigid gas-permeable contact lenses are commonly used.
Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking: This treatment can halt the progression of the disease by strengthening the corneal fibres.
Intacs: Implanting small rings under the cornea’s surface can flatten the cone shape and improve vision.
Corneal Transplant: In advanced cases, a transplant may be necessary. This procedure has a high success rate, but post-surgery contact lenses might still be needed.

Penetrating Keratoplasty (Corneal Transplant)

Intacs® Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments

Understanding keratoconus and seeking timely treatment can help manage the condition effectively, preserving vision and improving quality of life. If you suspect you or your child may have keratoconus, consult with an eye care professional promptly.